Babie From Start to Finish

Monocotyledons

• It only has one seed leaf.
• New roots arise from aborted radicles.
• The first shoot that emerges from monocot plants is  epicotyl, this is where the first leaves and shoots emerge.
• Monocots have a distinctive arrangement of vascular tissue known as an atactostele in which the vascular tissue is scattered rather than arranged in concentric rings. 

Dicotyledons

• They have two seed leaves.
• Their roots grow from apical meristem  and the radicle.
• Many dicots have epigeal emergence. This is where the hypocotyl elongates and becomes arched in the soil.
• In dicots, the hypocotyl  appears to be the base under the spent withered cotyledons, and the shoot just above that is the epicotyl. 

Monocot Species- corn, rice, cane and grass



Dicot Species-   bean, grapes, tomatoes, and strawberries.

Reproduction

The steps of plant reproduction go like this, the pollen first lands on the stigma. Next the pollen tube grows to ovaries followed by the fertilization of an egg. Next, after fertilization, a seed forms. Finally, when the seed is ready, it is spread and awaits germination.

Life Cycle

Meiosis and Fertilization alternate in the reproduction of plants.

During meiosis the chromosome is haploid while during fertilization two gametes fuse and create a diploid cell.

Sporophytes undergo meiosis and produce spores, these spores undergo mitosis and form a haploid gameopohyte, these gameophytes under go mitosis as well and create either and egg or a sperm cell. The sperm cell fuses with an egg cell or vise versa and undergo fertilization which produces a diploid zygote. This zygote develops into a saprophyte and then the process starts over.

 

Food Delivery

Phloem- Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongates tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant.

Roots help with the delivery of nutrients.

Translocation- The transport of organic nutrients in the phloem of vascular plants. An example is when a plant produces sucrose it uses translocation to distribute it throughout the plant.

Nutrient and Water Delivery

Transpiration- The process of giving off vapor containing water and waste products, especially through the stomata on leaves or the pores of the skin.

Turgor Pressure- The pressure exerted on a plant cell wall by water passing into the cell by osmosis.

Vascular Tissue- Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body.

Xylem-Vascular plant tissue consisting of mainly tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the root to the rest of the plant.

Stomata- A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.

Guard Cells- The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing the pore.

Soil Contribution- Soil contributes in major ways to plant growth. The soil serves as an anchor for the plants as well as supplying the plants with needed nutrients found withing the soil.Also it helps with pH balance and holding water for the plant.

Casparian Strip- It is a water-impermeable  ring of wax in the endodermal cells of plants that blocks the passive flow of water and solutes into the stele by way of cell walls.

Growth

Meristem- Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth.

Vascular Cambium- A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem.

Cork Cambium- A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells.

Primary Growth- Growth in vascular plants resulting from the production of primary tissues by a primary meristem. Elongation of the plant body is usually a consequence of primary growth.

Secondary Growth - Growth in vascular plants from production of secondary tissues by a lateral meristem, usually resulting in wider branches and stems.

Auxin- A term that primarily refers to indoleacetic acid(IAA), a natural plant hormone that has a variety of effects, including cell elongation, root formation, secondary growth, and fruit growth.

Cytokinin- Any of a class of related plant hormones that retard aging and act in concert with auxin to stimulate cell division, influence the pathway of differentiation and control apical dominance.

Abscisic Acid- A plant hormone that slows growth, often antagonizing the actions of growth hormones. Two of its many effects are to promote seed dormancy and facilitate drought tolerance.

Gibberellin- Ant of a class of related plant hormones that stimulate growth in the stem and leaves, trigger the germination of seeds and breaking of bud dormancy and stimulate fruit development.

Tropism- A growth response that results in the curvature of whole plant organs toward or away from stimuli due to differential rates of cell elongation.

Young Plant Strucutre and Function

Terminal Bud- The primary growing point that is located at the apex of the stem.

Node-This is the leaf bearing part of the plant.

Internode- This part of the plant is located in between two nodes.

Bud- A small protuberance on a stem or branch, sometimes enclosed in protective scales and containing an undeveloped shoot, leaf, or flower.

Cotyledon- A seed ea pf am angiosperm embryo. Some have one, others have two.

Coleopotile- A protective sheath enclosing the shoot tip and embryonic leaves of grasses.

Adventitious Root- A root growing from a location other than the underground, descending portion of the axis of a plant, as from a stem or leaf.

Tap Root- The main root of a plant, usually stouter than the lateral roots and growing straight downward from the stem.

Primary Root- The root of a plant that develops first and originates from the radicle

Lateral Root- Extend horizontally from the primary root and serve to anchor the plant securely into the soil.

Root Hairs- A filamentous extension of an epidermal cell near the tip of a rootlet that functions in absorption of water and minerals

Leaf- a lateral outgrowth from a plant stem that is typically a flattened expanded variably shaped greenish organ, constitutes a unit of the foliage, and functions primarily in food manufacture by photosynthesis

Cuticle- A waxy covering  on the surface of stems and leaves that prevents dessication on the terrestrial surface.

Dermal Tissue-   The outer protective covering of the plant.

Germination- In order for plants to germinate they need three significant things, water, oxygen, and the right temperature.

It is defined as A leaf of the embryo of a seed plant, which upon germination either remains in the seed or emerges, enlarges, and becomes green. The outer coat begins to soften up due to the water intake and the seed begins to swell. After that and due to gravity the radicle begins to grow downward.

Oxygen- Aerobic respiration uses oxygen, and it is the seedlings main source of energy until it starts to develop leaves.In sense oxygen is required for the seeds metabolism.

Water- Seeds need to take in significant amounts of water relative to its actual weight due to the dryness of mature seeds. Water is required because it begins the germination process.

Temperature- Seeds germinate over a wide array of temperatures, so the right temperature is needed to help with the growth rate and metabolic functions of the seeds.

Seed Structure and Function

Bean Seed

Embryo- A young, developing plant, such as the rudimentary plant inside the seed of higher plants or that inside the archegonium of mosses and ferns

Endosperm-The nutritive tissue within seeds of flowering plants, surrounding and absorbed by the embryo.

Cotyledon-A leaf of the embryo of a seed plant, which upon germination either remains in the seed or emerges, enlarges, and becomes green.
 *The corn seed has only one cotyledon while the bean seed has two.

Corn Seed